Strictly necessary
Required to deliver the site. These cannot be switched off. They include the session cookie used for security, a consent identifier used to record what you decided and when, and a short-lived CSRF token set on the newsletter subscribe forms to protect those submissions.
Functional
Remembers your preferences (theme, language, dismissed-tooltip flags). Disabled by default. Switching this off means the site forgets your preferences between visits.
Analytics
Aggregated, pseudonymised usage data so we can understand what content is useful. Disabled by default. We use Google Analytics 4 (measurement id G-PQGQ69VDJQ, provided by Google Ireland Ltd.) with IP anonymisation and Google Consent Mode v2. We run Consent Mode in its "basic" form: the Google tag is not loaded at all until you grant analytics consent, so before then no request whatsoever is made to Google. Once you grant consent the tag loads and the _ga and _ga_PQGQ69VDJQ cookies may be written; withdrawing consent stops the tag and clears those cookies. Google may transfer data to the United States; we rely on the EU US Data Privacy Framework and Google's Standard Contractual Clauses for that transfer.
We also use Cloudflare Web Analytics for a simple, whole-site view of traffic. It is cookieless, stores nothing on your device, uses no cross-site identifiers and builds no profile of you, so under the ePrivacy rules it needs no consent and runs for every visitor; we rely on our legitimate interest in basic, privacy-preserving measurement (Art. 6(1)(f) GDPR). It is independent of the Google Analytics consent above and sets none of the cookies listed below.
Marketing
Used to measure the effectiveness of validant.ai campaigns. Disabled by default. We do not place advertising trackers on this site today; this category is reserved so that your consent maps cleanly to industry standards.