Part III · Chapter 23Version 1.2 · 5 November 202640 min read

    Direct, Indirect and Systemic Discrimination

    Key message

    Non-discrimination law separates treating people differently because of a protected characteristic (direct discrimination, disparate treatment) from neutral rules that disadvantage protected groups without justification (indirect discrimination, disparate impact); algorithmic systems mostly produce the second, often by reproducing systemic patterns.

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